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- Personal Pronouns (Nominative Case)
-
- When a pronoun is used as the subject of a sentence, it is in the Nominative Case. The Nominative Case pronouns for German are:
-
- Singular
- 1st Person ich = I
- 2nd Person du = you (familiar)
- Sie = you (formal)
- 3rd Person er = he
- sie = she
- es = it
- Plural
- 1st Person wir = we
- 2nd Person ihr = you (familiar)
- Sie = you (formal)
- 3rd Person sie = they
-
- • 'Ich' is capitalized only when it begins a sentence.
- • 'du' and 'ihr' are used when addressing friends and
- children.
- • 'Sie' is used when addressing adults who are not close
- friends.
-
-
- Verbs (Present Tense)
-
- German verbs have two parts: a stem and an ending. The endings of infinitives are either -en or -n.
-
- For example: to surf = surfen = surf + en
- to be = sein = sei + n
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- To conjugate verbs in the present tense, add the following endings to the verb's stem:
-
- ich - e wir - en
- du - st ihr - t
- er, sie, es - t Sie, sie - en
-
- For example: to surf = surfen
- ich - surfe wir - surfen
- du - surfst ihr - surft
- er, sie, es - surft Sie, sie - surfen
-
- • The 'Sie' (you formal) and 'sie' (they) are usually grouped
- together since these conjucations are always the same.
- • There are many irregular verbs that don't follow this
- simple rule; they must be memorized.
-
- For example: to be = sein
- ich - bin wir - sind
- du - bist ihr - seid
- er, sie, es - ist Sie, sie - sind
-